![]() ![]() When you're reading a message, an exclamation point lets you report it as spam, while a # dumps it in the trash. For example, typing c when you're looking at your inbox lets you compose a message, typing r when you're reading a message lets you reply, typing a lets you reply-all, and a forward-slash puts your cursor in the search box. The commands in Gmail and Inbox are different, but there's some overlap for the most handy ones. You can make sure they're turned on by hitting Shift-? and verifying that the shortcuts are turned on at the top of the page. In Inbox, all the shortcuts are enabled by default.Click "Enable" next to "The following keyboard shortcuts are currently disabled." You'll see more-useful options for navigating and managing your inbox, but you'll need to enable them. After hitting Shift-? to bring up the shortcuts menu, scroll down a bit. In Gmail, several keyboard shortcuts are enabled by default, but they're really only useful when you're already composing a message.When you're viewing your inbox in Gmail or Inbox, simply hit Shift and the "?" key at the same time to see a complete list of options. The first step is to know your options.Click Save Changes at the bottom of the page. If you are not very into editing the Registry, then there are also 5 other options to prevent you messages from being sent directly after pressing send.įor details see Don’t send emails directly.How to View and Use Gmail and Inbox Keyboard Shortcuts Under the 'General' tab, find the 'Keyboard shortcuts' section and select Keyboard shortcuts on. Note: The value name ( AltS) is actually irrelevant for this particular key but it is good practice to use meaningful names. Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Office\ \Outlook\DisabledShortcutKeysCheckBoxes To disable the ALT+S keyboard shortcut as well, you’ll have to add the following Registry key When this key is missing, Outlook will behave as if its value was set to 2. With such a shortcut, you will not have to keep navigating deep into the. Value data: 0 = Outlook will not send when pressing CTRL+ENTERġ = Outlook will send when pressing CTRL+ENTERĢ = Outlook will prompt you when pressing CTRL+ENTER You can toggle the dark mode on and off by clicking on the button next to the. Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\ \Outlook\Preferences When you’ve chosen for state 1 or 2 and want to change it to state 3, then you’ll have to delete the CtrlEnterSends registry value name or set its value to 2 File-> Options-> section Mail-> option group: Send Messages-> option: CTRL + ENTER sends a message.When you’ve chosen for state 1 and want to change it to state 2 or have chosen for state 2 and want to change it to state 1, then you can change the following option Outlook should always ask you what to do (do not select the box and choose Yes or No).Outlook should never send the message (select the box and press No).Outlook should always send the message (select the box and press Yes). ![]() The first time you use CTRL+ENTER, you’ll be prompted by a dialog asking how Outlook should respond to the usage of CTRL+ENTER in the future. Luckily Outlook allows you to configure what happens when using CTRL+ENTER but to disable the ALT+S keyboard shortcut, you’ll have to edit the Registry. You can prevent this from happening by not addressing the mail yet although this might not be practical, especially when replying to an e-mail. I think most people can relate with you getting tangled up in pressing Enter to start a new line and hitting CTRL instead of SHIFT when trying to capitalize your new line or pressing ALT+S instead of CTRL+S to save your draft. Is there any way I can prevent this from happening? Sometimes I hit CTRL+ENTER or ALT+S by mistake and off goes the message as it is Outlook's shortcut for the Send button. ![]()
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![]() This is a great tattoo for those with a quiet confidence and the faith that they can face any challenge that comes along. A Hidden AdvantageĪ single Queen of Spades on the inside of your wrist can symbolize a hidden strength and confidence, that “card up your sleeve” that makes you more powerful than most. To this day, some card players refuse to play the Queen of Spades, fearful of the power she holds. This story was later turned into an opera by Tchaikovsky, further cementing the legend of the power of the card. Intimidating PowerĪ famous Russian story by Pushkin, called “ The Queen of Spades ,” links the card to a shrewd countess who then haunts her killer, “tricking him” into losing all his fortune by having him play the Queen of Spades. People respect the Queen of Spades more than any other card. Taking cues from such card games, the Queen of Spades can represent the independent woman of high value, who you would be wise to want as an ally – not an enemy. It is whether you know how to “use her” that makes the difference. In this way, the Queen of Spades may be the least desirable, or the most desirable. To hold her in your hand is to add 13 points to your score, while to hold her with all the hearts is to strengthen your hand against others. In hearts especially, it is well known that the Queen can be a game-changer. Unlike other Queens in the deck, only she plays important roles in a range of games, such as hearts, pinochle, and stud poker. In a far less serious way, even the card games we play today respect the role of the Queen of Spades. It may also represent a woman who can plan well for the future and face great challenges even if feeling alone or abandoned. To a follower of spiritual readings, the presence of the Queen of Spades can bring a sense of power and protection. In Tarot readings, the Queen of Spades is a powerful card that is considered to point to someone of great intelligence or of a judgment that is considered logical or wise. ![]() Wisdom, Planning, and Overcoming Challenges Alone To wear it as a tattoo is to reflect your strengths and celebrate the powerful women of history and today. ![]() She was the goddess who aided Jason, Perseus, and Hercules, and she was so revered that the capital of Greece was named for her – and still is, to this day.įrom this history, we can see how the Queen of Spades has come to be realized as a card that references great power, wisdom, and strength. Her birth involved Zeus’ head being smashed open with an ax, and her walking out, fully armored. Feminine Power, Strength, and IntelligenceĪthena was the warrior goddess in Greek mythology, the one most to be feared and worshiped. There are several different meanings that are most typically associated with the Queen of Spades tattoo. The Queen of Spades, in common knowledge, referenced Pallas, the human form of Athena – the Greek goddess of wisdom, handicraft, and warfare. French decks still use Swords instead of Spades.Īs the modern deck was developed in Paris, each of the “face cards” came to be known as representations of famous Kings and Queens, emperors and saints. Spades are not shovels, as some may believe, but an invention that represents pikes or swords. While the modern 52-card deck has only been around for a hundred and fifty years, the presence of the Queen of Spades (or Queen of Swords) has been around for centuries longer. Find the Right Queen of Spades Tattoo for You.Negative Meanings of a Queen of Spades Tattoo. ![]()
![]() Note: Limited functionality in demo-free version. Just let DriverBooster runs in the background, you would enjoy better pc performance with up-to-date drivers. The app expanded its automatic service, besides auto download you can also enjoy auto-install an update while the system is idle. Auto Download, Install & Update Updating drivers always costs a lot of time, and sometimes even affects your daily work. Moreover, most popular game components such as Game for windows software 3.5, XML 6.0, Silverlight 5, and Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable can be found for game launching. You can always get the latest graphic drivers for smoother streaming and media editing with the tool. No Sluggish Gaming Updated graphic drivers often give major performance improvements, particularly for new games. ![]() Driver backup is also there to help when facing compatible issues. To guarantee a higher level of computer safety, Driver Booster for PC also creates a restore point before installing a driver in the event something goes wrong with the installation. ![]() HTTPS connection is newly adopted to encrypt your connection with the server while downloading drivers. Secure Driver Update The software only supports drivers that have passed the WHQL test. You can easily update Intel driver/Realtek ethernet controller/wireless LAN/network/HD Audio Drivers, Intel Audio/HD Graphics/WLAN/LAN/chipset/rapid storage technology/USB 3.0 Drivers, Nvidia drivers, and all-important driver packages by Microsoft. With a 300% larger database, the program supports updating over 4,500,000+ drivers and fixing missing/faulty/outdated driver issues. And updating drivers in the Windows system is always a bummer. Features and Highlights Update 4,500,000+ Drivers Without proper device drivers, your computer may not work normally. In summary, the tool not only updates outdated device drivers & game components and helps fix common but tricky problems to increase the system compatibility & stability, but also boosts the system for a better gaming experience. Moreover, the 7 useful tools in the program help users to restore the system, view system information, and fix the common but bothersome problems such as no sound, network failure, bad resolution, and device error. Most notably, the app adds a brand new feature, Boost, to bring users the best gaming experience by boosting the system with one one 1-click. Besides, the app also offers an auto driver update service so that driver download and installation can be performed while the system is idle, which saves users a lot of valuable time. And by providing drivers that pass Microsoft WHQL tests and strictly follow IObit Review Rules, the accuracy and security of driver updating are guaranteed. 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Driver Booster Free, designed with IObit's most advanced driver update technology, scans and identifies outdated drivers automatically, and downloads and installs the right update for you with just ONE click, saving you loads of time. ![]() ![]() Outdated drivers may heavily affect your PC performance and lead to system crashes. ![]() ![]() The Sling Blue plan has 41 channels, including Bravo, Cartoon Network, NFL Network, MSNBC, Lifetime, SyFy, TBS and FS1. Sling TV has Discovery Channel in its Blue channel bundle, and Sling Orange + Sling Blue package. Subscribers can activate the Discovery GO app and dozens of others using your Philo account. You can try out Philo free for a week by signing up in under a minute using your smartphone number. There is widespread support for mobile devices including iPhones and iPads (with current iOS), and Android smartphones. You can use Philo on Apple TV, Roku, Amazon Fire TV Stick and Android TV devices such as Google Chromecast.įrom a web browser, you can watch Philo on Mac computers, and PCs. Subscribers get unlimited Cloud DVR, and a large library of on-demand content from TV networks. ![]() New customers can get a 7-day free trial. Philo has one plan that includes A&E, AMC, BBC America, Discovery, Hallmark Channel, History, MTV, and Paramount Network. Philo offers more than 70 TV channels for $25 per month, making it the cheapest way to watch Discovery Channel on as a live channel. Discovery Channel is currently available through Philo, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, DIRECTV STREAM, fuboTV, YouTube TV and Vidgo. You just need to pick a live streaming service with the channel lineup that you want. ![]() But you should expect to pay more if you want them in your channel lineup. Some of these streaming services offer local channels such as ABC, CBS, NBC and FOX. You can watch TV on a tablet, iPad or iPhone.Īll of these streaming services carry Discovery Channel and a number of other popular cable networks such as HGTV, Science Channel and TLC. Live TV streaming services are widely available on Smart TVs, Roku, Apple TV or Amazon Fire TV. Instead you can get an affordable Internet connection, and live stream your TV channels. There’s a new age of TV underway, and you don’t need a cable TV or satellite provider to watch the Discovery Channel. How to Watch Discovery Channel Without CableĬord-cutters and so-called “cord-shavers” have a number of options to watch cable TV channels. You can jump down to the summary of how to watch Discovery Channel without cable, or read through all your options. The network now has a roster of popular shows such as “Gold Rush”, “Expedition Unknown” and “Deadliest Catch.” Subscribers to live streaming services, cable or satellite can activate the Discovery GO app and watch TV shows or on-demand programs.ĭiscovery Channel has been on cable TV since 1985. Discovery shows are now available on two other streaming services, Discovery+ and Max. There are 14 plans that carry Discovery Channel within those seven live TV streaming services. ![]() You can watch Discovery Channel without cable on seven live TV streaming services.ĭIRECTV STREAM, fubo, Hulu Live TV, Philo, Sling TV, Vidgo and YouTube TV all stream the Discovery Channel live without a cable or satellite subscription. ![]() ![]() The updated Urus has already been spotted testing and is likely to add a high-performance model. C ar claims that the second Huracán derivative will be a subtler take on the garish high-performance STO (think Porsche 911 GT3 Touring), possibly called JV Stradale. On a commercial level, 2021 was likewise. It is the first all-new V12 since the 3.5 litre powerplant found in the 350GT. Known internally as the L539, the new engine is Lamborghinis fifth in-house engine and second V12 design. V12 engine weighing about 235 kg (518 lb). ![]() Unveiled to the global public exactly 50 years ago, the Lamborghini Countach is considered one of the most iconic supercars. This is part of an ambitious strategic plan to include the highest investment in the companys history 1.8 billion over the next five years, fully self-financed. Lamborghini Aventadors 6.5 litre 60° L539 V12 engine Engine. Published The Countach revolutionized the automotive world and its design lives on today in modern Lamborghini models. The first new Huracán model is expected to be the Sterrato, a rally-style off-road supercar first shown as a concept back in 2019. Lamborghini has set an even more challenging financial goal for the coming years: to push up its profitability to between 22 and 25. Winkelmann confirmed two new variants of the Huracá n and two versions of the Urus SUV as part of a mid-cycle facelift. But that is soon to change, with Lamborghini boss Stephan Winkelmann revealing the Italian supercar maker's path toward an electric future in a recent interview with CAR magazine.īefore Lamborghini's electrified onslaught begins, however, the last Lamborghinis with a gas-only powertrain will arrive this year. While Ferrari is already building two series production hybrid supercars-the plug-in SF90 Stradale and its baby brother, the 296GTB-Lamborghini has made just one electrified model, the limited-production Sián. The Urus EV will be Lamborghini’s second electric car after the 2+2 GT car currently being planned. CEO Stephan Winkelmann revealed that detail in an interview with the U.K.’s Autocar, but didn’t specify whether it will overlap with the upcoming hybridized Urus at all. Produced over a production period of 10 years, Lamborghini Espada went on to become the best-selling Lamborghini from 1968 to 1978 (via Lambo Cars. UPDATE 1/25/22: The second-generation Urus, due in 2029, will be all-electric. Lamborghini's first electric car will likely be a grand tourer, and that one is currently in the very early planning stages, according to Winkelmann.These new models will be followed by a plug-in-hybrid replacement for the Aventador in 2023, with plug-in Huracán and Urus models arriving the year after.That's according to CEO Stephan Winkelmann in an interview with the U.K.'s Car magazine. Lamborghini will release four new cars this year, and they'll be the final Lamborghinis to use gas engines without any electric assistance. ![]() ![]() The biggest of them, Ventura as Blain, is the second to fall when a plasma blast from an invisible force wipes him out the last few, including sweaty performances by Weathers and Duke, die wide-eyed and terrified as they go mano-a-mano with the Predator and are eviscerated.Įven the film’s hero, Dutch, doesn’t win because he’s stronger or tougher than the Predator he is forced to crawl on his belly through the mud, hiding in the dirt and reverting to ancient weapons like a bow and arrow to eventually catch his more technologically advanced foe by surprise. Within 48 hours of that firefight though, they’re all dead except for Schwarzenegger’s Dutch. Even McTiernan’s other collaboration with Schwarzenegger, 1993’s Last Action Hero, is notable because it was such a satire and deconstruction of the star’s onscreen persona in the ‘80s. But what do those latter two movies have in common? They’re intentional departures from the brawny, exaggerated masculinity of the previously most popular actioners of the 1980s. Generally recognized as one of the greatest action filmmakers of the last 40 years, McTiernan is still celebrated today for making one of the classic Schwarzenegger action movies in Predator, as well as more groundbreaking thrillers afterward like Die Hard (1988) and The Hunt for Red October (1990). Yes, Predator had the most hyper-masculine cast in a decade where action movies were defined by big guns and bigger biceps-and the movie was mocking that image. Nonetheless, it’s still worth noting that such impotent attempts at fandom gatekeeping also fall limp because they reveal a complete and total misunderstanding of what director John McTiernan and screenwriters Jim and John Thomas were going for in the original 1987 picture. A predisposed need to dismiss any film, particularly in genre and fanboy fare, as “ludicrous” or undeserving when it stars a woman is as common as mindless uses of the term “Mary Sue.” Writing off Prey because it stars a Comanche woman (who is played by a woman of Lakota, Nakoda, and Dakota heritage) as the ultimate survivor, as opposed to a 6’2” Austrian male bodybuilder, is the point. It is of course impossible to separate the misogyny and racist undertones of these “critiques” from any point they’re trying to make. A girl with almost no experience beats a Predator alone.” Since the movie’s actual release, such criticism hasn’t gone away on social media apps like Twitter where memes have gone viral depicting images of the cast of Predator (1987) juxtaposed against Midthunder and text that reads, “A team of highly skilled badasses with years of experience had almost no chance versus a Predator. Over the last several months, and since well before Prey was released, they’ve made their “criticisms” known online-most of which are couched in thinly veiled forms of bigotry and misogyny.īased purely on the trailer, YouTubers were already reviewing Prey months ago with headlines like “How to Spoil a Good Idea,” and then lamenting that the fanbase “just wants a decent Predator movie instead of a fucking intersectional struggle session.” The same video, which we’re purposefully not linking to here, also snarks that unlike the muscular Arnold Schwarzenegger, Midthunder “has the size and build of a small child” and her facing off against the Predator will be “fucking ludicrous.” And yet, it is still difficult to ignore a small but particularly noxious element of online fandom. Disagreement comes part and parcel with art, entertainment, and anything else that is left up to the eye of the beholder. ![]() And, truly, the final movements of Prey where Amber Midthunder’s tenacious Comanche warrior, Naru, lures a Predator into the ultimate deathtrap is as exciting a showdown between a human and a “Yautja” as we’ve ever seen onscreen. The emerging consensus about this one seems to be that director Dan Trachtenberg and a cast of primarily Indigenous actors knocked it out of the park, making the first truly gripping Predator movie since the original was released in 1987. A majority of viewers also seem pleased if social media chatter is to be believed. The quality is certainly good enough with the film generally impressing most critics as demonstrated by its 92 percent “fresh” rating on Rotten Tomatoes. ![]() It must be gratifying for filmmakers to know that the Monday after Prey’s premiere on Hulu (and Disney+ in Europe), many were debating whether the Predator prequel should’ve been released in theaters. ![]() ![]() ![]() In the 25th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing dynasty, Sansui Hall was built on the old site of Leshou Hall. Sansui Hall was originally named as “Leshou Hall”(Happiness and Longevity Hall). It is very beautiful with extensive renovation. ![]() In the 18th year of Jiajing(1813), the hall was transferred from Xiyuan Temple to a public area. It was built in 1760 and completed in the 35th year of the Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty. It has the irreplaceable value in the decoration of the garden.Ĭuixiu Hall is located under the northeast cliff. It can reduce the artificial atmosphere and add the natural interest. It is independent ornament in the scene and used to protect from the slope. Rockery, as an important part of Chinese gardens, plays its unique function in the separation and organization of the space of the garden. It has been enjoying the reputation of the crown of rockery in south China. It is very magnificent with 2000 tons of yellow stone in Wukang city, Zhejiang Province. The height of the Great Rockery is about 12 meters. This masterpiece is also one of his works in existence. ![]() It was elaborately designed and piled by Zhang Nanyang, a famous mountain builder in the Ming Dynasty. It is also the oldest, most exquisite and largest yellow stone rockery in south China. Great Rockery is one of the quintessential sceneries of Yu Garden. It plays a very important role in all ages to decorate every part of the garden. Rockery is an important element in Chinese classical gardens. Yu Garden Highlighted Tourist Spots Great Rockery In February 1982, Yu Garden was declared by the State Council as a national key cultural relic site under state protection. In 1959, Yu Garden was listed as a municipal cultural relic site under protection. Since 1956, Yu Garden has undertook a large-scale renovation, and it opened to the public in September 1961. The British troops occupied Yu Garden and ravaged it. In 1842, the First Opium War broke out, foreign invaders invaded Shanghai. They spent more than 20 years rebuilding the tower and adding more hills and stones. Late in 1760, in order not to lose charm of this scenic spot, some wealthy local gentry gathered money and bought the Yu Garden. In the late Ming Dynasty, Yu Garden was acquired by Zhang Zhaolin. When Pan Yunduan died in 1601, Pan’s family became weaker and weaker, and they were unable to afford the huge expenditure needed for the renovation and management of the garden. After more than twenty years of painstaking efforts, Yu Garden was built. The owner of the garden, Pan Yunduan, a political envoy of Sichuan Province, began to build a garden in 1559 on the fields of vegetable to the west of the house of Pan’s family. ![]() ![]() ![]() It comes with a sturdy shock mount, a furry windscreen, and both TRS and TRRS output cables that work with pretty much everything from desktop computers and Android phones to iPhones. But it only supports up to a three-minute pause, which is enough time to tell the person on the other end that you're in the middle of recording something. The package includes 2 mic muffs, 1 mic windshield windscreen, 1 extra metal clip, and a 3m long cable to help you adapt to various situations. The VXR10 is a small, durable, and lightweight microphone for iPhone that can be used in perfect sync with cameras or smartphones. One of the most exciting and useful features AVR offers is "restart voice recording," which pauses a recording when you receive a phone call and resumes it once disconnected. Moreover, the app allows you to trim, combine, or change the file format of an audio recording. ![]() For example, you can share the file over an HTTP server, via email, to a cloud storage service, and more. Sennheiser MKE 400 (2nd gen) 200 at B&H Best budget shotgun mic Rode VideoMic GO II 99 at Amazon Best shotgun mic for portability Shure MV88+ 199 at Amazon See 4 more What the best. In other features, sharing options are robust. If you want to know more about finding the perfect product for you, including our expert’s tips and tricks, read this article. You can also choose to record in mono or stereo. After days of researching and comparing all models on the market 2021, JohnHarvards find Best Recording Microphones For Iphones of April 2023. Similarly, there are options for encode quality, sample rate, and bit rate. You can use it to record speech or music tracks or both Download now. For example, you can choose to save your recordings in MP3, M4A, or WAV file formats. Camtasia is the best audio recording software for any project. While its user interface doesn't look as clean as some of our other recommendations, it offers several customization options while recording. Awesome Voice Recorder (AVR) is another solid audio recording app that works on both Android and iOS. ![]() ![]() ![]() The screenshot below depicts this in more detail.Īll that’s left now is to add our parallax effect script to each main layer’s game object and set its values. These will represent sprites on the left and right of the main sprite accordingly. Since we also want to ensure endless parallax scrolling add two more separate 2D sprites under each of the six sprites we have just created. These will be used to hold our individual background layers. Inside your scene create an empty GameObject and call it “Background”. We are now ready to put everything together. Putting the parallax scrolling together in Unity To additionally ensure that, the script will perform this operation when camera passes at half the background width, which in our case is going to be 320/2 = 160. Since the change occurs immediately the player won’t even notice that we are “sewing” the existing sprites together at any point. If (temp > startpos + (length / 2)) startpos += length Įlse if (temp < startpos - (length / 2)) startpos -= length Īll we do here is that we change the “anchor” of subsequent background layers in the direction we move our camera. ![]() Check out the highlighted lines.įloat temp = * (1 - parallaxFactor) This sounds more complicated than it is in reality as you will see in the next listing. We are going to modify our script so that starting position ( startpos) of the layer shall be adjusted each time the camera’s position relative to that layer’s parallax shift is greater or less than current startpos plus half of the layer’s width. The easiest solution to this issue is to immediately move individual background layers to advanced positions when camera passes certain threshold point. This would obviously cause breaking up the environment of the game and hinder the immersive experience we want to create. As we scroll the entire level, the background sprites will inevitably run out of their width. One of the problems of parallax scrolling is the fact that we may eventually pan the camera at empty space. Repeating the parallax background pattern indefinitely We could finish right here, but I’m going to make one more adjustment before we set up our project’s assets. ![]() Vector3 newPosition = new Vector3(startpos + distance,, ) Just remember, that the more layers you have the more complex your scenes are likely to be.įloat distance = * parallaxFactor I went for a total of 6 layers but it is entirely up to you. ![]() Now, before you start drawing anything, you have to decide how many layers of parallax you are going to have in your game. I’m making sure that the background of the new canvas is set to transparent. Therefore, the final resolution of background layers will be 320×224. The reason for this is that I would like to add a nice and subtle “drop-down” effect when the player enters the level. To comply with that specification I’ll create an empty canvas in Aseprite with that size, but will add 32 pixel to the height. If you read my previous article on achieving pixel-perfect graphics you’ll know that my reference resolution is exactly 320×192. Preparing backgrounds and foregrounds of the level After that, I’ll make a C# script that will bind everything together inside Unity. To do this, I’m going to first prepare background layers in Aseprite. This is my own project in which I’d like to create pixel-perfect environments that would be satisfying to watch. In order to demonstrate the solution, I will use the concepts and graphics prepared for one of the levels in Bionica game. In this tutorial I would like to show you my implementation of this effect in my upcoming 2D game. The Witcher 3 intermission loading screens.Īs you can see, it can be used in many creative ways. We have seen examples of developers creating stylized cutscenes utilizing this effect even in modern games, e.g. The most suitable candidates for the implementation of this kind of visualisation are of course 2D platformers, but it is not always the case. Its mechanism is to make subsequent background layers move with a certain degree of delay in order to create a more natural and fluent looking game levels. O’Rourke to the rescue” in New Straits Times Malaysia from 1988. The method goes back a long way and its definition was first recorded and described in the article “Cap. Parallax scrolling is a special technique where individual parts of the background and foreground move independently from the main screen. Eliminating “jittering” movement artifacts.Putting the parallax scrolling together in Unity.Repeating the parallax background pattern indefinitely.Preparing backgrounds and foregrounds of the level. ![]() ![]() ![]() This development came well before the discovery of the W bosons decades later. To overcome this problem, physicists modified Fermi's theory by introducing “by hand" two massive spin-one (“vector”) charged particles propagating the interaction between neutrinos and electrons, dubbed “intermediate vector bosons". In other words, predictions become unphysical at a high enough energy. This continuous growth, however, leads to the violation of a limit derived from the conservation of probability in a scattering process. Indeed, Fermi's theory predicts that the production rate of some processes caused by the weak force – such as the elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons – increases linearly with the neutrino energy. However it was soon realised that its predictions at high energy, a regime not yet experimentally accessible at that time, were bound to fail. This formulation successfully described the known experimental observations, including the radioactive β decay for which it was developed. (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN)Įnrico Fermi originally formulated a mathematical description of the weak force in 1933 as a “contact interaction” between particles, occurring at a single point without a carrier particle propagating the force. The outgoing quarks undergo a process called hadronization and manifest as a spray of particles called a “jet”. These W bosons interact and each of the resulting W bosons decays to a muon (μ) and a neutrino (ν), where the neutrinos leave the ATLAS detector undetected. ![]() Within a very short period of time, too short to be resolved, two W bosons are emitted independently by the incoming quarks (q) from each of the LHC proton beams. They collide at approximately the centre of the detector. Protons (p) from the LHC beam travel from left to right and from right to left in this view. The insert depicts a schematic view of the candidate physics process. To appreciate the importance of this discovery, it is instructive to follow the history of how and why the W + and W – bosons were introduced it illustrates nicely how the interplay between experimental information, theoretical models and mathematical principles drives progress in physics.įigure 2: Simplified view of a proton–proton collision event recorded with the ATLAS detector that was selected as a candidate for vector-boson-scattering production. Though the weak force is not directly experienced in everyday life, it is nevertheless important as it is responsible for radioactive β decay, which plays a role in the fusion of hydrogen into helium that powers the Sun's thermonuclear process. They have integer spin (characteristic of bosons) and are carriers of the weak force. The W + and W – bosons are unstable particles, which decay (transform) into a lepton and an antilepton or a quark and an antiquark with a mean lifetime of only a few 10 -25 seconds. Another missing piece of the big puzzle had been found – the puzzle that is the mathematical description of the microscopic world (see Figure 1). The observation of vector boson scattering didn't receive as much attention from the media as the Higgs discovery in 2012, even though it was an important event for the particle physics community. It results in the production of two W particles with the same electric charge as well as two collimated sprays of particles called “jets" (see Figure 2). ![]() In 2017, the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations announced the detection of a process in high-energy proton–proton collisions that had not been observed before: the vector boson scattering. From the Mesopotamians’ cuneiform script to the mathematical formalism behind the discovery of the Higgs boson, the sculpture narrates the story of how knowledge is passed through the generations and illustrates the aesthetic nature of the mathematics behind physics. Figure 1: "Wandering the immeasurable", a sculpture designed by Gayle Hermick welcomes the CERN visitors. ![]() |
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